| United States Patent Application |
20030190851
|
| Kind Code
|
A1
|
|
Yan, Jixiong
; et al.
|
October 9, 2003
|
Antimicrobial yarn having nanosilver particles and methods for
manufacturing the same
Abstract
The present invention provides a yarn with antimicrobial effects. The
antimicrobial antifungal effect of the yarn is derived from nanosilver
particles (diameter between 1 and 100 nm) which are adhered to the yarn.
The yarn contains fibers which are made of cotton, linen, silk, wool,
leather, blending fabric, synthetic fiber, or any combination thereof.
The yarn can be used to make cloth to be used particularly for treating
patients with burns or wound. The cloth made from the antimicrobial yarn
can be further used to make clothes such as underwears, socks, shoe
cushions, shoe linings, bed sheets, pillow cases, towels, women hygiene
products, laboratory coats, and medical robes. The present invention also
provides a method for making the antimicrobial yarn.
| Inventors: |
Yan, Jixiong; (Wuhan, CN)
; Cheng, Jiachong; (Beijing, CN)
|
| Correspondence Name and Address:
|
VENABLE, BAETJER, HOWARD AND CIVILETTI, LLP
P.O. BOX 34385
WASHINGTON
DC
20043-9998
US
|
| Serial No.:
|
106033 |
| Series Code:
|
10
|
| Filed:
|
March 27, 2002 |
| U.S. Current Class: |
442/123 |
| U.S. Class at Publication: |
442/123 |
| Intern'l Class: |
B32B 027/04 |
Claims
We claim:
1. A yarn containing antimicrobial activity comprising: nanosilver
particles which are attached to fibers of said yarn; wherein said
nanosilver particles are 1-100 nm in diameter; and wherein said
nanosilver particles-containing fibers contain about 0.2 to 1.5% by
weight of silver based on the total weight of said yarn.
2. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said silver of said nanosilver
particles is made by reducing silver nitrate without the use of ammonia
water as reducing agent.
3. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said silver of said nanosilver
particles is reduced by a reducing agent which is glucose, vitamin C, or
hydrazine hydrate.
4. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said fibers of said yarn are
made of at least one selected from the group consisting of cotton, linen,
silk, wool, blending fabric, and synthetic fiber.
5. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said yarn is in natural color or
dyed with different color.
6. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said yarn inhibits growth of
bacteria, fungi, or chlamydia.
7. The yarn according to claim 6, wherein said bacteria, fungi or
chlamydia are at least one selected from the group consisting of
Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia
trachomatis, Providencia stuartii, Vibrio vulnificus, Pneumobacillus,
Nitrate-negative bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans,
Bacillus cloacae, Bacillus allantoides, Morgan's bacillus (Salmonella
morgani), Pseudomonas maltophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria
gonorrhoeae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus foecalis alkaligenes,
Streptococcus hemolyticus B, Citrobacter, and Salmonella paratyphi C.
8. An antibacterial or antifungal cloth, wherein said antibacterial or
antifungal cloth comprises said yarn according to claim 1.
9. The antibacterial or antifungal cloth according to claim 9, wherein
said antibacterial cloth is used to treat patient with burn and
scald-related skin infection, wound-related skin infection, dermal or
mucosal bacterial or fungal infection, surgery cut infection, vaginitis,
and acne-related infection.
10. The antibacterial cloth according to claim 8, wherein said cloth makes
antibacterial clothes.
11. The antibacterial cloth according to claim 9, wherein said
antibacterial clothes are at least one selected from the group consisting
of underwears, socks, shoe cushions, shoe linings, bed sheets, pillow
shams, towels, women hygiene products, laboratory coat, and medical
robes.
12. The yarn according to claim 1, wherein said yarn is produced by:
mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an aqueous solution of
a reducing agent to form a nanosilver particle-containing solution;
wherein said reducing agent is not ammonia water; soaking said yarn in
said nanosilver particle-containing solution to attach said nanosilver
particle to said yarn; and dehydrating and drying said nanosilver
particle-attached yarn to form said yarn with antimicrobial activity.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said yarn is pre-degreased
before soaking in said nanosilver particle-containing solution.
14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said aqueous silver nitrate
solution and said aqueous solution of reducing agent are mixed at
0-40.degree. C.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein said mixture of said aqueous
silver nitrate solution and said aqueous solution of reducing agent is
colorless and transparent.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein said soaking of said yarn in
said nanosilver particle-containing solution is replaced with spraying
said nanosilver particle-containing solution to said yarn by a jet
sprayer.
17. The method according to claim 12, further comprising a step of
treating said nanosilver particle-attached yarn with heat at
120-160.degree. C. for about 40-60 minutes.
18. The method according to claim 12, wherein said reducing agent is
glucose, vitamin C, or hydrazine hydrate.
19. The method according to claim 12, wherein said nanosilver particle is
sized between 1 to 100 nm.
20. The method according to claim 12, wherein each liter of said
nanosilver particle-containing solution comprises 2-40 g of silver
nitrate and 0.5-62 g of reducing agent.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said reducing agent is
glucose.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said silver nitrate and said
glucose is at a ratio of about 0.03-80:1 by weight.
23. The method according to claim 11, wherein said yarn contains about
0.2% to 1.5% by weight of silver in a form of attached nanosilver
particles.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an antimicrobial yarn which
contains about 0.2 to 1.5% by weight of nanosilver particles (diameter
between 1 and 100 nm) adhered thereto. The nanosilver particles are
prepared without the use of ammonia or ammonia water. The antimicrobial
yarn is preferably used in making cloth particularly for treatment of
patients with burns or wounds. The cloth can be used to make clothes such
as underwear, socks, shoe cushions, shoe linings, bed sheets, pillow
cases, towels, women hygiene products, laboratory coats, and medical
robes. The present invention also relates to methods for making and using
the antimicrobial fiber for healthcare and medical use.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
[0002] Metals including silver, copper, mercury, and zinc are known for
anti-bacterial properties. Bacteria treated by these metals do not
acquire resistance to the metals. Therefore, the bactericidal metals have
advantages over the conventional antibiotics which often cause the
selection of antibiotic-resistant microorganism.
[0003] Silver is generally a safe and effective antimicrobial metal.
Silver ions function in adversely affecting cellular metabolism to
inhibit bacterial cell growth. When silver ions are absorbed into
bacterial cells, silver ions suppress respiration, basal metabolism of
the electron transfer system, and transport of substrate in the microbial
cell membrane. Silver ions also inhibit bacterial growth by producing
active oxygen on the surface of silver powder and silver-plated articles.
Silver has been studied for antibacterial purposes in the form of powder,
metal-substituted zeolite, metal-plated non-woven fabric, and crosslinked
compound.
[0004] Nano technology is the study and treatment of substance and
material in a nanometer range. Nanometer equals to 10.sup.-9 meter. The
internationally acclaimed range for research and study for the nano
technology is between 0.1 nm and 100 nm. The technology has been applied
in the areas of information technology, energy, environment, and
biotechnology. Particularly, the technology has been used in medicine
including drug carrier, cell dye, cell separation, clinical diagnosis,
and disinfection.
[0005] In the late eighteenth century, western scientists confirmed that
colloidal silver, which had been used in oriental medicine for centuries,
was an effective antibacterial agent. Scientists also knew that the human
body fluid is colloidal. Therefore,
colloidal silver had been used for
antibacterial purposes in the human body. By the early nineteenth
century,
colloidal silver was considered the best antibacterial agent.
However, after the discovery of antibiotics, due to the fact that
antibiotics were more potent which could in turn generate more revenue,
antibiotics had substituted
colloidal silver as the main choice for
antibacterial agents.
[0006] Thirty years after the discovery of the antibiotics, many bacteria
developed resistance to the antibiotics, which became a serious problem.
Since 1870s, silver, particularly
colloidal silver, has once again been
recognized for antibacterial use, particularly due to its ability for not
causing drug-resistance.
[0007] Antibacterial cloth containing metallic particles (particularly
copper, silver, and zinc in the form of zeolite) is known in the field
for a long time. Many methods for incorporating the metal ions directly
into a cloth or fabric have been proposed. However, in the methods in
which the metals are used directly, the incorporation of metals lead to
very expensive products, with heavy weights as they are necessarily used
in a large amounts.
[0008] There are also methods teaching the use of a polymeric substance to
hold the metallic ions. For example, the method of binding or adding fine
wires or powder of the metals themselves to a polymer and the method of
incorporating compounds of the metals into a polymer. However, the
products obtained by these methods shows poor durability of antibacterial
performance and can be utilized only for restricted purposes because the
metal ions are merely contained in or attached to the polymer and,
accordingly, they easily fall away from the polymer while being used.
[0009] For example, Japanese Patent No. 3-136649 discloses an
antibacterial cloth used for washing breasts of milk cow. The Ag.sup.+
ions in AgNO.sub.3 are crosslinked with polyacrylonitrile. The
antibacterial cloth has demonstrated anti-bacterial activity on six (6)
bacterial strains including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
[0010] Japanese Patent No. 54-151669 discloses a fiber treated with a
solution containing a compound of copper and silver. The solution is
evenly distributed on the fiber. The fiber is used as an anti-bacterial
lining inside boots, shoes, and pants.
[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,410 discloses a mixed fiber assembly composed
of low-melting thermoplastic synthetic fibers and ordinary fibers which
are packed and retained with specific zeolite particles having a
bactericidal metal ion.
[0012] U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,402 discloses a dyed synthetic fiber containing
a silver-substituted zeolite and a substantially water-insoluble copper
compound. The dyed synthetic fiber is prepared by incorporating a
silver-substituted zeolite in a monomer or a polymerization mixture
before the completion of polymerization in the step of preparing a
polymer for the fiber.
[0013] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,860 and 5,561,167 disclose antibacterial fiber
including an ion exchange fiber and an antibacterial metal ion entrapped
within the ion exchange fiber through an ion exchange reaction. The ion
exchange fiber has sulfonic or carboxyl group as the ion exchange group.
[0014] U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,673 discloses fine metallic
particles-containing fibers with various fine metallic particles therein,
which have fiber properties to such degree that they can be processed and
worked, and which can exhibit various functions of the fine metallic
particles, such as antibacterial deodorizing and electroconductive
properties as provided.
[0015] U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,301 discloses a production process of cellulose
fiber characterized in that tertiary amine N-oxide is used as a solvent
for pulp, and a silver-based antibacterial agent and optionally
magnetized mineral ore powder are added, followed by solvent-spinning.
[0016] The materials of the prior art involving the use of zeolite do not
have sufficiently antibacterial activity due to lack of sufficient
surface contact between the bactericidal metal and the bacteria,
especially in water. The bactericidal activity of these materials rapidly
diminishes as the silver ions become separated from the supports,
especially in water. Most importantly, these materials do not show
bactericidal activity over a prolonged period of time and the
crosslinking may introduce compounds that cause allergy in patients.
[0017] There is yet another approach of making antibacterial cloth such as
by inserting a layer of metallic yarn between a woven fabric. For
example, Japanese laid-open patent publication (unexamined) No. Hei
6-297629 discloses an antibacterial cloth in which an inner layer member
containing copper ion in a urethane foam resin is inserted in a
cloth-like outer layer member. The outer layer member is composed of a
cotton yarn serving as a weft formed by entangling an extra fine metallic
yarn of copy or the like and a rayon yarn serving as a warp. A warp is
the threads of a woven fabric which are extended longhtwise in the loom.
A weft is the threads of a woven fabric that cross from side to side of
the web and interlace the warp. This type of antibacterial cloth is heavy
and hard. In addition, the extra fine metallic yarn is easy to cut, thus,
causing problems to wash the cloth repeatedly. It may also injure a user
due to the cut metallic yarn.
[0018] Recently, Chinese Patent No. 921092881 discloses a method for
making antibacterial fabric with long lasting broad-spectrum
antibacterial effect against more than 40 bacteria. The fabric is
manufactured by dissolving silver nitrate in water, adding ammonia water
into the solution to form silver-ammonia complex ion, adding glucose to
form a treating agent, adding fabric into the treating agent, and ironing
the fabric by electric iron or heat-rolling machine. The use of ammonia
water in the reaction causes many problems. First, ammonia water has
intense, pungent, suffocating odor which irritates skin and mucous
membranes of workers. Second, ammonia water causes pollution to the
environment. Finally, using ammonia water to manufacture silver-attached
yarn is expensive.
[0019] The present invention provides an antimicrobial yarn having
nanosilver particles adhered thereto that is very effective over a broad
spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and virus. The antimicrobial fiber of the
present invention does not lose the antimicrobial strength over time, and
the fiber is especially effective in water. The yarn used in the present
invention can contain natural or synthetic fibers; its color can be
natural or dyed. The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention is
non-toxic, safe, and thus, suitable for use in healthcare related
purposes.
[0020] The present invention also provides a method for making the
antimicrobial yarn which is very simple, fast, and easy to carry over.
The use of ammonia or ammonia water is completely eliminated in the
process of the present invention, thus, the method of the present
invention is environmentally safe and non-irritating to workers. The
method of the present invention also produces reliable results and can be
applied in small and industrial scale production.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0021] The present invention provides an antimicrobial yarn which contains
nanosilver particles in the diameter of about 1-100 nm. The total weight
of silver in the yarn is about 0.2 to 1.5% by weight. The nanosilver
particles are adhered to the fibers of the yarn. Cotton, linen, silk,
wool, blending fabric, or synthetic fiber or any combination therewith
can be used as materials for the yarn. The yarn can be in its natural
colored or dyed with different color.
[0022] The silver of the nanosilver particles is made by reducing silver
nitrate with a reducing agent which is not ammonia or ammonia water. The
preferred reducing agent is glucose, vitamin C, or hydrazine hydrate
(H.sub.2NNH.sub.2.H.sub.2O).
[0023] The yarn has antimicrobial effects against bacteria, fungi, and/or
chlamydia, which include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli,
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis,
Providencia stuartii, Vibrio vulnificus, Pneumobacillus, Nitrate-negative
bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus cloacae,
Bacillus allantoides, Morgan's bacillus (Salmonella morgani), Pseudomonas
maltophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus foecalis alkaligenes, Streptococcus hemolyticus B,
Citrobacter, and Salmonella paratyphi C.
[0024] The antimicrobial yarn can be used to make cloth (such as bandage,
gauze, and surgical cloth) with antimicrobial activity, particularly to
be used for treating patient with burn and scald-related related skin
infection, wound-related skin infection, dermal or mucosal bacterial or
fungal infection, surgery cut infection, vaginitis, and acne-related
infection.
[0025] Additionally, the cloth with antimicrobial activity can be used to
make antibacterial clothes or clothing such as underwear, socks, shoe
cushions, shoe linings, bed sheets, pillow shams, towels, women hygiene
products, laboratory coat, and patient clothes.
[0026] The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the
antimicrobial yarn. The method includes (1) mixing an aqueous solution of
silver nitrate with an aqueous solution of a reducing agent to form a
nanosilver particle-containing solution (the reducing agent is not
ammonia or ammonia water); (2) soaking the yarn in the nanosilver
particle-containing solution to attach said nanosilver particle to the
yarn; and (3) dehydrating and drying the nanosilver particle-attached
yarn to form the yarn with antimicrobial activity. Preferably, the yarn
is pre-degreased before soaking in the nanosilver particle-containing
solution. Additionally, after attaching the nanosilver to the yarn and
before dehydrating and drying the nanosilver-particles attached yarn, the
yarn can be treated with heat at 120-160.degree. C. for about 40-60
minutes.
[0027] Also, preferably, the aqueous silver nitrate solution and said
aqueous solution of reducing agent are mixed at 0-40.degree. C., and/or
until the mixture of the aqueous silver nitrate solution and the aqueous
solution of reducing agent becomes colorless and/or transparent. The
aqueous solution is preferably water solution. For each liter of the
nanosilver particle-containing solution, it is preferred that it contains
2-40 g of silver nitrate, and 0.5-62 g of reducing agent, preferably
glucose. The silver nitrate and said glucose in the nanosilver
particle-containing solution is preferably at a ratio of about 0.03-80:1
by weight. The resulting nanosilver particles are sized between 1 to 100
nm in diameter and the antimicrobial yarn contains about 0.2% to 1.5% by
weight of silver in a form of attached nanosilver particles.
[0028] Alternatively, the step of soaking the yarn in the nanosilver
particle-containing solution can be replaced with a step of spraying the
nanosilver particle-containing solution to the yarn by a jet sprayer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] FIG. 1 is a transmission electron micrograph (JEM-100CXII) which
shows a yarn evenly attached with nanosilver particles. The diameters of
the nanosilver particles were below 20 nm. The total wt % of silver in
the yarn was 0.4-0.9%. A: Batch No. 010110; B: Batch No. 001226; C: Batch
No. 001230; D: Batch No. 010322-1; E: Batch No. 011323; F: Batch No.
010322-2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030] The present invention provides an antimicrobial yarn which has a
long-lasting effect and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. For the
purpose of the present invention, a yarn means a continuous often plied
strand composed of either natural or man-made fibers and used in weaving
and knitting to form cloth. The antimicrobial yarn contains nanosilver
particles having diameters in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm. The nanosilver
particles are adhered to the fibers of the yarn and contribute to the
antimicrobial effects. The silver content in the antimicrobial fiber is
0.2% to 1.5% by weight of the total weight of the yarn
[0031] The fibers of the yarn are made of cotton, linen, silk, wool,
leather, blending fabric, or synthetic fiber or a combination therewith.
The yarn can be either in its natural color or dyed with various colors,
and the antimicrobial capacity of the yarn (either in natural color or
dyed with various colors) is retained.
[0032] The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention is non-toxic, safe,
and thus, suitable for use in medical or healthcare related purposes. The
antimicrobial yarn can be used to make an antimicrobial cloth. The cloth
is suitable for use as bandage, gauge, or surgery cloth. It can also be
used in making clothes or clothing such as underwear, panty, shoe
cushions, shoe insole, shoe lining, bedding sheets, pillow sham, towel,
feminine hygiene products, medical robes etc.
[0033] The term "antimicrobial" as used in the context of "antimicrobial
yarn," "antimicrobial cloth," and/or "antimicrobial clothes or clothing"
in the present invention means that the yarn, cloth, or clothes (or
clothing) has demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-chlamydia
effects by killing and/or suppressing growth of a broad spectrum of
fungi, bacteria, and chlamydia, such as Escherichia coli, Methicillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Providencia
stuartii, Vibrio vulnificus, Pneumobacillus, Nitrate-negative bacillus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus cloacae, Bacillus
allantoides, Morgan's bacillus (Salmonella morgani), Pseudomonas
maltophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus foecalis alkaligenes, Streptococcus hemolyticus B,
Citrobacter, and Salmonella paratyphi C.
[0034] The antimicrobial effect of the present invention is derived from
silver ions which have advantage over the conventional antibiotics, as it
does not induce resistance in the microorganisms. The antimicrobial yarn
of the present invention does not lose the antimicrobial strength over
time, and the antimicrobial effects are especially stronger in water.
[0035] Specially, the antimicrobial yarn of the present invention is
suitable for use as cloth or clothes in disinfecting and treating patient
with burn and scald-related skin infection, wound-related skin infection,
skin or mucosa bacterial or fungal infection, surgery cut infection,
vaginitis, and acne-related infection.
[0036] The antimicrobial activity of the nanosilver particle can be
explained by the following scheme using silver nitrate as the substrate
and glucose as a reducing agent: 1
[0037] As shown above, the silver nitrate is reduced to metallic silver by
interacting with glucose (where the glucose itself is oxidized to
gluconic acid). It is important to note that the present invention does
not use ammonia or ammonia water as reducing agent
[0038] The antimicrobial activity of the silver can further be explained
by the following reaction: 2
[0039] Silver nitrate is one of the most powerful chemical germicides and
is widely used as a local astringent and germicide. However, the nitrates
irritate the skin. Thus, it is preferable to reduce the silver nitrate to
metallic silver. When the metallic silver is in contact with an oxygen
metabolic enzyme of a microorganism, it becomes ionized. And, as shown in
the above reaction, the silver ion interacts with the sulfhydryl group
(--SH) of the enzyme in the microorganism and forms an --SAg linkage with
the enzyme, which effectively blocks the enzyme activity.
[0040] The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention is prepared
according to the following flow chart: 3
[0041] First, dissolving silver nitrate and a reducing agent respectively
in water to form an aqueous solution of silver nitrate and an aqueous
solution of the reducing agent. It is noted that a direct mixing of the
solid forms of silver nitrate and reducing agent in an aqueous solution
is not encouraged because it may result in an uncontrollable reaction.
The aqueous solution of silver nitrate is then mixed and stirred with the
aqueous solution of the reducing agent at 0-40.degree. C., preferably at
25.degree. C., until a colorless and transparent aqueous solution is
formed, which contains nanosilver particles. The nanosilver
particles-containing aqueous solution is used as the soaking solution for
the yarn. The reducing agent can be glucose, vitamin C or hydrazine
hydrate, preferably, glucose. For 200 kg of yarn, about 1-20 kg of silver
nitrate, about 0.25-31 kg of glucose, and about 500 L (litres) of water
are required.
[0042] The yarn is preferred to be de-greased prior to the soaking. The
degreased process for the yarn is commonly known in the art. After
soaking in the nanosilver particles-containing solution for an
appropriate period of time, the soaked yarn is dehydrated followed by
drying under heat.
[0043] The resulting antimicrobial yarn has advantages of long-lasting
effect, broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, non-toxic,
non-stimulating, natural, and suitable for medicinal uses. The
antimicrobial activity of the yarn is stronger when in water. Because
liquid ammonia is not used in the process for making the antimicrobial
fiber, the process is more environmentally friendly and safer for
workers. The process of the present invention is suitable for both small
scale and industrial scale production.
[0044] The following examples are illustrative, and should not be viewed
as limiting the scope of the present invention. Reasonable variations,
such as those occur to reasonable artisan, can be made herein without
departing from the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of the Small Scale of Antimicrobial Yarn
[0045] (1) Preparation of Nanosilver Particles-Containing Solution:
[0046] (a) Silver Nitrate Solution:
[0047] AgNO.sub.3 3.9 g
[0048] Dissolved in 150 ml of Water
[0049] (b) Reducing Solution:
[0050] Glucose 2.1 g
[0051] Dissolved in 100 L of Water
[0052] The nanosilver particle-containing solution was prepared by mixing
the silver nitrate solution with the reducing agent solution thoroughly
at room temperature (25.degree. C.) to form a transparent and colorless
treatment solution.
[0053] (2) Preparation of Antimicrobial Yarn:
[0054] The antimicrobial yarn was prepared as follows:
[0055] (i) Naturally white, degreased yarns (10 g) were immersed in the
nanosilver particles-containing solution of (1). The yarns were squeezed
and rolled in the solution so that the yarns were fully absorbed with the
treatment solution.
[0056] (ii). The nanosilver particles-containing solution was removed from
the yarns by centrifugation (such as in a washing machine) and dried in
an oven at 120-160.degree. C.
[0057] (iii). The dried yarns were washed by water, squeezed to dry, and
dried again in the oven to obtain the antimicrobial yarn of the present
invention which showed an orange color.
[0058] The process in (i) could be replaced with spraying the solution of
(1) to the yarn by a jet sprayer.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of Industrial Scale of Antimicrobial Yarn
[0059] (1) Preparation of Nanosilver Particles-Containing Solution
[0060] (a) Silver Nitrate Solution:
[0061] AgNO.sub.3 5.5 kg
[0062] Dissolved in 200 L of Water
[0063] The silver nitrate aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 5.5
kg of silver nitrate in 200 L of water at room temperature in a 500-litre
reaction container.
[0064] (b) Reducing Solution:
[0065] Glucose 5.7 kg
[0066] Dissolved in 150 L of Water
[0067] The aqueous solution of Glucose was prepared by dissolving 5.7 kg
of glucose at room temperature in 150 L water in a 200-litre reaction
container to form an aqueous solution of glucose.
[0068] (c) Nanosilver Particles-Containing Solution:
[0069] The nanosilver particle-containing solution was prepared by mixing
the silver nitrate solution with the reducing agent solution. Additional
water was added to the mixture to make the volume up to 500 L. The
mixture was stirred thoroughly at room temperature (25.degree. C.) until
a transparent and colorless solution was formed.
[0070] (2) Preparation of Antimicrobial Yarn:
[0071] The antimicrobial yarn was prepared as follows:
[0072] (i). Naturally white, degreased yarns (200 kg) were immersed in the
nanosilver particles-containing solution of (1). The yarns were squeezed
and rolled in the solution so that the yarns were fully absorbed with the
nanosilver particles-containing solution.
[0073] (ii). The nanosilver particles-containing solution was removed from
the yarns by dehydration such as using centrifugation. The yarn was
further dried in an oven at 120-160.degree. C. for about 40-60 minutes.
[0074] (iii). The dried yarns were washed by water, squeezed to dry, and
dried again in the oven to obtain the antimicrobial yarn of the present
invention which showed a yellow-orange color.
[0075] The process in (i) could be replaced with spraying the solution of
(1) to the yarn by a jet sprayer.
EXAMPLE 3
Electron Microscopic Studies of the Antimicrobial Yarn
[0076] (1) Purpose:
[0077] The yarn produced by the method described in Example 1 was analyzed
for the dimension and distribution of nanosilver particles attached.
[0078] (2) Method:
[0079] Five samples of the antimicrobial yarn prepared in Example 1
(supra) was examined according to the procedure described in the
JY/T011-1996 transmission electron microscope manual. JEM-100CXII
transmission electron microscope was used with accelerating voltage at 80
KV and resolution at 0.34 nm.
[0080] (3) Results:
[0081] As shown in FIG. 1, all six batches of the antimicrobial yarn
samples contained nanosilver particles which were evenly distributed to
the yarn. Batch No. 010110 (FIG. 1A) contained about 62% of nanosilver
particles that were under 10 nm in size, about 36% that were about 10 nm
in size, and about 2% that were 15 nm in size. Batch No. 001226 (FIG. 1B)
contained about 46% of nanosilver particles that were under 10 nm in
size, about 47% that were about 10 nm in size, and about 7% that were
about 15 nm in size. Batch number 001230 (FIG. 1C) contained about 65% of
nanosilver particles that were under 10 nm in size, about 24% that were
about 10 nm in size, and about 11% that were about 15 nm in size. Batch
No. 010322-1 (FIG. 1D) contained about 89% of nanosilver particles that
were under 10 nm in size, about 8% that were about 10 nm in size, and
about 3% that were about 15 nm in size. Batch No. 011323 (FIG. 1E)
contained about 90% of nanosilver particles that were under 10 nm in
size, about 7% that were about 10 nm in size, and about 3% that were
about 15 nm in size. Batch No. 010322-2 (FIG. 1F) contained 70% of
nanosilver particles that were under 10 nm in size, about 12% that were
about 10 nm in size, and about 13% that were about 15 nm in size.
Chemical testing indicated that the silver content in the yarn was about
0.4-0.9% by weight.
[0082] (4) Conclusion:
[0083] The results as shown in FIG. 1 demonstrated that the antimicrobial
yarn contained nanosilver particles with diameters below 20 nm. These
nanosilver particles were evenly distributed to the yarn.
EXAMPLE 4
Broad Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity of the Yarn
[0084] (1) Purpose:
[0085] The antimicrobial yarn prepared in Example 1 was examined to
determine the antimicrobial activity of the yarn.
[0086] (2) Method:
[0087] Both the antimicrobial yarn of the present invention (the
experimental group) and the yarn without the attachment of nanosilver
particles (the control group) were tested in the test tubes.
[0088] Microbial strains tested were Escherichia coli, Methicillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Providencia
stuartii, Vibrio vulnificus, Pneumobacillus, Nitrate-negative bacillus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus cloacae, Bacillus
allantoides, Morgan's bacillus (Salmonella morgani), Pseudomonas
maltophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus foecalis alkaligenes, Streptococcus hemolyticus B,
Citrobacter, and Salmonella paratyphi C. These strains were either
isolated from clinical cases or purchased as standard strains from
Chinese Biological Products Testing and Standardizing Institute.
[0089] Two sets of test tubes, each containing a triplicate of various
microbial strains were prepared by inoculating the microbial strains into
the test tubes containing a meat broth. Then, equal weights of the yarns
from the present invention and from the control were inserted into the
test tubes. The test tubes were then cultured at 37.degree. C. for 18-24
hours. At the end of the incubation, an aliquot of the broth from each of
the test tube was taken out and spread onto a Trypticase soy blood agar
plate. The blood agar plate was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 18-24
hours.
[0090] (3) Results:
[0091] No colony or sign of any microbial growth was observed on the blood
agar plate of the experimental group, as opposed to those of the control
group where signs of microbial growth were seen.
[0092] (4) Conclusion:
[0093] The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention demonstrated
effective antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, fungi, and
chlamydia.
EXAMPLE 5
Long Lasting Effect of Antimicrobial Activity of the Yarn
[0094] (1) Purpose:
[0095] The antimicrobial yarn of Example 1 of the present invention was
examined for the antimicrobial activity over a prolonged period of time.
The antimicrobial activity of the yarn after repeated washes was also
conducted.
[0096] (2) Method:
[0097] The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention was washed
according to the washing Procedure as provided in the Functional
Treatment of the Fabric, Chinese Textile Publishing House (January 2001)
as follows:
[0098] (i) 2 g of neutral soap solution (1:30) was dissolved in one litre
of water to obtain a wash fluid;
[0099] (ii) A yarn from the experimental group or the control group as
described in Example 4 was washed using the wash fluid of (i) at room
temperature for 2 minutes;
[0100] (iii) The yarn was rinsed in water;
[0101] (iv) After every five washes in the wash fluid, the yarn was dried
at 60.degree. C.
[0102] (v) After 100 times of washing procedure according to (i) to (iv),
nine batches of antimicrobial yarn were tested for antimicrobial activity
on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to the method provided in Example 4.
[0103] (3) Results:
[0104] No colony or any signs of microbial growth were observed in the
yarn of the experimental group, as opposed to those in the control group
where signs of microbial growth were observed.
[0105] (4) Conclusion:
[0106] The above results indicate that the yarn of the present invention
was very effective and long lasting as antimicrobial agent even after
repeated washes.
EXAMPLE 6
Antimicrobial Activity of the Yarn Made with Different Materials or Dyed
with Different Colors
[0107] (1) Purpose:
[0108] The antimicrobial activity of the yarn of the present invention
prepared from different materials or dyed with various colors was
examined.
[0109] (2) Method:
[0110] (i) The yarn (from the experimental group or the control group)
which was made from cotton, linen, silk, wool, leather, blending fabric,
or synthetic fiber, or which was dyed in black, blue, red, orange, and
yellow was prepared.
[0111] (ii) The yarns of (i) were tested for antimicrobial activity on
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, according to the method provided in Example 4.
[0112] (3) Results:
[0113] No colony or any signs of microbial growth were observed in the
yarn of the experimental group, as opposed to those in the control group
where signs of microbial growth were observed.
[0114] (4) Conclusion:
[0115] The antimicrobial yarn of the present invention made from different
materials, which included cotton, linen, silk, wool, leather, blending
fabric, or synthetic fiber, or dyed with different colors, was very
effective as antimicrobial agent, suggesting the materials or dying
methods would not and did not hinder the antimicrobial activity of the
nanosilver particles-containing yarn.
[0116] While the invention has been described by way of examples and in
terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the
invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary,
it is intended to cover various modifications as would be apparent to
those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims
should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all
such modifications.
